Today is the second class of our current August four class set. The start time for our class will be 10:00am. We will begin class with a casual conversation. Our reading today is about a rural home. Please try to read as much as possible. Underline any words or sentences that are unfamiliar. Our listening is about Super Divers. Please listen and follow the transcript. We will finish with our grammar sentences.
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EMILY KWONG: You're listening to Short Wave, from NPR. Hey, everybody, it's Emily Kwong. And I am with science reporter Ari Daniel. You're taking us on an adventure today, right, Ari?
ARI DANIEL: I am, indeed. Emily, I'm going to take you to Jeju Island.
KWONG: Ooh. Where's Jeju Island?
DANIEL: It's, like, 50, 60 miles off the coast of South Korea. And in this video that you're hearing, there's a motorboat that's chugging along the coast. Before the vessel even comes to a stop, an older woman in a wetsuit jumps into the water and dives down.
KWONG: Oh, so this is a diver.
DANIEL: Yeah.
KWONG: Cool. Wetsuit-- I'm assuming she's also got fins and a mask--
DANIEL: Yes, yep, yes.
KWONG: --and, like, an oxygen tank and stuff.
DANIEL: No, just pure lung capacity. This woman is part of a long line of female free divers on Jeju Island called the Haenyeo.
KWONG: Ooh.
DANIEL: And these women can hold their breath a really long time, Emily, up to two or three minutes.
KWONG: Two to three minutes?
DANIEL: Minutes.
KWONG: What are the Haenyeo doing down there?
DANIEL: They're collecting all kinds of seafood to eat and sell.
MELISSA ILARDO: Things like abalone, sea urchins, you know, harvest seaweed sometimes.
KWONG: It's like grocery shopping while holding your breath.
DANIEL: Marine grocery shopping, exactly.
KWONG: Yeah.
DANIEL: This is Melissa Ilardo. She is an evolutionary geneticist at the University of Utah. And she sent me this video that she took of a few Haenyeo divers, who routinely dive in waters that can be in the 50-degree range.
KWONG: Oh, so they're diving in really cold water.
DANIEL: Yeah, I could never do it. I mean, I can barely handle 70-degree water. But these women, they start diving as girls and continue well into old age. And what's astonishing is that it's not just years of training that make this feat possible. It's also a set of special adaptations, ones that Melissa and her team recently uncovered.
KWONG: So today on the show, the super divers of Jeju Island.
DANIEL: Plus, the mix of physiological and genetic adaptations that make these women's dives possible.
KWONG: I'm Emily Kwong.
DANIEL: And I'm Ari Daniel.
KWONG: And you're listening to Short Wave, from NPR. So, Ari, today we're talking about the Haenyeo, these female free divers in South Korea. How do the Haenyeo compare to other free divers around--
KWONG: --in the world? What makes their abilities so special?
DANIEL: I mean, free diving anywhere is tough, Emily, but the conditions that the Haenyeo are operating under are pretty extreme.
ILARDO: One of the first times I was there, it was snowing. They said, as long as there's not a risk that they're going to be blown away to sea, then they still go out in the water, no matter how cold it is.
KWONG: That's commitment.
DANIEL: Indeed. And these women dive across all of life's milestones, which I talked to Melissa and her collaborator, Diana Aguilar-Gómez, about. Diana is a population geneticist currently at UCLA.
DIANA AGUILAR-GÓMEZ: They dive throughout their whole pregnancy. They say they just dive until, basically, before they give birth.
ILARDO: And then they were back in the water three days later.
AGUILAR-GÓMEZ: Yeah, it's amazing.
DANIEL: Diana and Melissa wanted to know whether there were adaptations the Haenyeo might have that allow them to do this. And they recently pinpointed some in a study that published in the journal Cell Reports.
KWONG: Fascinating, OK. How did that study come about?
DANIEL: Well, Melissa Ilardo, she runs something called the Superhuman Lab, where she studies extreme physiologies across different populations, including among the Bajau free divers in Indonesia.
ILARDO: They're just really good at holding their breath and being underwater. And we found that the Bajau had larger spleens, and we were able to link this to a genetic adaptation. And so the spleen plays a role in diving because it stores red blood cells that are oxygenated. And when you dive, your spleen contracts, and it pushes those red blood cells into circulation. So essentially, we think the Bajau have big spleens because it enables them to stay underwater longer.
DANIEL: Melissa told me the Bajau were the first group of people that were found to have evolutionary adaptations to make this kind of diving safer. And she wanted to know how the Haenyeo might be adapted to their extreme lifestyle.
ILARDO: How evolution might have shaped the Haenyeo to be better divers, to dive more safely, to dive for longer.
KWONG: Yeah, it's so impressive that they can do this. So how did Melissa and her team go about conducting this study?
DANIEL: Well, they decided to compare the Haenyeo to other elderly women on the island who aren't divers but have a similar genetic background, and to still others off island who aren't related-- about 30 women in each group.
KWONG: OK, so they had some groups of non-divers to compare to the divers.
DANIEL: Mm-hmm.
KWONG: So how did they compare them? Because I assume they didn't just throw all these elderly women into the open ocean and hope for the best.
DANIEL: They certainly did not try that approach.
KWONG: Oh, good.
DANIEL: Fortunately, there's a workaround, a safer workaround. It's called a simulated dive.
ILARDO: You hold your breath and put your face in a bowl full of cold water, and your body responds as if you're diving. Your heart rate will drop measurably.
KWONG: Mm. I've done this when I'm very anxious.
DANIEL: Yeah.
KWONG: But why does your heart rate drop when you put your head in a bowl of ice water?
DANIEL: It's just an automatic thing, Emily. Your body acts like it's underwater and triggers something that's called the mammalian diving reflex, which slows down your heart rate, allowing it to do less work to limit oxygen consumption. The Haenyeo, though, they found this experiment kind of silly.
ILARDO: And they said, like, getting in the ocean, being underwater, that's diving. Whatever this is, this isn't diving. But they still held their breath long enough that we were able to elicit a response.
KWONG: I'm just picturing all these aunties and grandmas like, ugh, for science, I guess if I have to, but-- so what was the response between the Haenyeo and the non-divers in doing this?
DANIEL: There was a significant one. The Haenyeo heart rate fell by about 50% more than their non-diving peers.
KWONG: Wow.
ILARDO: We had one diver whose heart rate dropped over 40 beats per minute in 15 seconds.
DANIEL: Melissa says the Haenyeo response is due to a lifetime of training and diving experience. So it's classic physiological adaptation.
KWONG: What about genetic adaptation? Did they do an analysis of those women on the level of their DNA as well?
DANIEL: They did. The researchers took saliva samples to look for genetic differences between the three groups. And they found that everyone from Jeju, both the divers and the non-divers, had basically the same genes, meaning that the people of the island appear to have been genetically sculpted by generations of divers.
ILARDO: What this suggests is that everybody in Jeju has an equally likely chance of being a descendant of a diver.
KWONG: What a thing to inherit. And was there anything special about this particular gene pool that stood out?
DANIEL: Yeah, two things, actually. The first was a gene that seems to be related to cold tolerance.
ILARDO: Maybe that protects them from hypothermia in ways that we don't fully understand yet.
KWONG: That makes sense.
DANIEL: Right. And the second gene is associated with blood pressure, which Diana Aguilar-Gómez, who did this work as a PhD student at UC Berkeley, thinks is likely connected to blood vessel structure and function.
AGUILAR-GÓMEZ: Diving increases your blood pressure, and particularly through pregnancy, that can be very dangerous. It can increase your risk for preeclampsia.
DANIEL: So if these women have a gene that lowers their blood pressure, it's like built-in protection from preeclampsia and other life-threatening complications. And so--
AGUILAR-GÓMEZ: Probably women that were protected against this would be more likely to have more children.
KWONG: Oh. And they would pass those genes along.
DANIEL: Bingo. And I should tell you, Emily, that Jeju Island has an especially low rate of stroke mortality. And Melissa thinks that could be related to this second protective gene, since stroke can result from high blood pressure.
ILARDO: Wouldn't it be amazing if, by studying divers in Korea, we can translate these findings to develop a therapeutic that protects people from stroke around the world? So by studying these populations, it can lead to discoveries that could have really important implications for people everywhere.
KWONG: Absolutely. This is so the value of studying outliers. So what health lessons can be learned from these free divers?
DANIEL: So I spoke with Stephen Cheung, who studies extreme physiology at Brock University in Canada. He wasn't involved in the research, but he addressed this exact question.
STEPHEN CHEUNG: By pushing the body to its limits, we get a better sense of where those limits are, but also just what the human body is capable of.
AGUILAR-GÓMEZ: I'm not even near the age of these women, and I don't think I can go and dive all day. I mean, I feel like that's, like, a superpower.
DANIEL: A superpower that Diana says may not be around for much longer.
AGUILAR-GÓMEZ: The newer generations of women, they're, like, going to university and doing other stuff. So, like, the average age of the Haenyeo nowadays is around 70 years old.
KWONG: Oh, wow. So this is just becoming an increasingly rare practice, even if the genetics live on in the descendants of these divers.
DANIEL: That's true. And it's one of the reasons that it was important to Melissa that her and her team return to Jeju Island to share their results with the Haenyeo.
ILARDO: These women are extraordinary. Their biology is amazing, and what they do is amazing. And so I think it's really important to celebrate just how unique these women are and how it's changed their bodies and the bodies of other people on this island.
KWONG: Ari Daniel, thank you so much for coming on Short Wave. I'm really glad we know more about the Haenyeo.
DANIEL: Thanks for having me, Emily. I love being here.
KWONG: If you liked this episode of Short Wave, and you want to support the show, follow us on the NPR app, or wherever you get your podcasts, and you'll never miss an episode. This episode was produced by Hannah Chinn. It was edited by our showrunner Rebecca Ramirez and fact-checked by Tyler Jones. Jimmy Keeley was the audio engineer. Beth Donovan is our senior director. And Collin Campbell is our senior vice president of podcasting strategy. I'm Emily Kwong. Thank you for listening to Short Wave, from NPR.