Today is the sixth class in our current August eight class set. We will start class with a casual conversation. I will provide the news topics. Our listening material today is about 6G. We will have quick translation exercise to finish the class.

Software vs. Hardware: Does the industry shift from hardware-centric infrastructure to software-defined systems pose a significant risk to traditional telecom giants like Nokia?

Geopolitical Impact: How do international security restrictions on vendors like Huawei and ZTE change the landscape for Western competitors?

AI Integration: As networks become "AI-native," what are the primary challenges in managing the "burstier" and more dynamic data traffic that AI generates?

Competitive Strategy: Nokia is betting on an open, software-heavy model, while Ericsson favors a tightly integrated hardware-software approach. Which strategy is more likely to succeed in the long term?

The 6G Vision: Is 6G primarily about speed, or is its real value the fundamental change in how networks operate to support physical AI and global connectivity?